Cold War :: essays research papers

contend without fightingConcerned America and the Soviet heartAtlantic Charter, Aug 1941Tehran Conference, Dec 1943. FDR, Churchill and Stalin &61672 What to do with GermanyOct 1944, Europe divided into sections Western powers and Eastern BlockYalta, Feb 1945 &61672 Big Three. Aliies close to victory, Soviets in control of Poland. Cold War may have begun here.a.Germany disarmed b.Split into 4 zonesc.USSR get half of reparationsd.USSR join UNPotsdam, July 1945Truman is US presidenta.Germany disarmedb.De-Nazificationc.War Crimesd.Reparations inkind (other countries can take goods)Europe in 2 spheres of influencea.Communistb.CapitalistSoviets afraid of US economy and atom bombIron curtain decending upon EuropeGreek civil war &61672 US and Russia fight with opposing sides, never fire a shot at each otherMarch 12. 1947 &61672 The Truman DoctrineThis doctrine proclaims a indemnity of containmenta.American foreign policy must contain CommunismJune 1947, Marshall Plana.Sec. Of State, Ge orge Marshall stated that the US would give billions of dollars to whoever wanted it.American oddment To rebuild Europe so it doesnt fall to communismRussians refused moneyOther countries took them, but with strings attacheda.Must open money to US goodsb.Must open economic policies for US to look atBerlin Crisis Germany into 4 zones and Berlin into 4 zonesBerlin in Russian sideGoods come in by train, road and air1948, new govt in West GermanyEast German money was worthless1948 Blockade of roads and rail by Soviets into BerlinBerlin Airlift US forces and British forces flew supplies to BerlinSoviets gave in 1949

Religion and Coming of Age in Olive Ann Burns’ Novel, Cold Sassy Tree E

Religion and Coming of Age in Olive Ann Burns Novel, Cold pert Tree In the humiliated southern town of Cold wise, Georgia, at the turn of the twentieth century, teenage boys had to grow up fast. They were not in any way sheltered from the daily activities of the town. This was especially true for fourteen year old Will Tweedy. Olive Ann Burns first, and only completed novel, Cold Sassy Tree, tells of young Wills coming-of-age. His experiences with religion, progress, and death in Cold Sassy escorted him along the path to manhood.During the early 1900s, the south was full of religious fervor. Most small communities were based around two or three church families. Cold Sassy Tree, which is a recounting of Wills memories, contains many references to religion and God. Rucker Blakeslee,...

Separate Peace Essay: Influence of the War on Characters

Influence of the War on Characters   Historical events end play an important role in a persons life.  In A Separate Peace, the whole atmosphere at the Devon School alterationd as World War II progressed.  The boys either e agerly awaited the draft, enlisted in the firmament of war they wanted, or did not want to go at all.  The students at the school created new activities for enjoyment since the customary past times could not be played due to a lack of materials.  When a friend returns from the war, the boys at Devon got a real sense of what the war was like.  The boys learned that going to war was not all fun and games like they had anticipated.  The influence World War II had on the characters in A Separate Peace and on life at the Devon School was clearly depicted through their actions and activities.             The beginning of the novel allows the reader to get a feel of what the Devon School was like during that time period.  Students of war age were constantly leaving Devon to go to the war, either by choice or by draft.  Whether kids wanted to go or not, the anticipation was always present. As wintertime approached the Devon school, so did the encroaching shadow of the war.  The boys were called out to help shovel free a troop train trapped by snow-blocked tracks. The experience brings the war infrastructure for all of them, and they realized they would have to face a crucial decision very soon. Maturity leapt upon them, whether theyre ready for it or not, at the tender age of seventeen.  The hullabaloo of the war had gotten to everybody at the school, including the staff, and made it a chaotic place.  The boys wer... ...as different because of his experience.   ****I like how you incorporate quotes from the book into your own thoughts in these sentences When a friend returns from the war, the boys at Devon got a real sense of what the war was like . The boys were called out to help shovel free a troop train trapped by snow-blocked tracks. The experience brings the war home for all of them, and they realized they would have to face a crucial decision very soon.    ****You need to be consistent with the tenses.  To solve the problem you can do one of two things.  You can change the tense of the verb in the quotation and enclose it in brackets to show that you changed the tense.  (e.g. returned  brought)  Or you can just change the tense of all your discussion to present tense, which is commonly done when discussing books.

NT Migration Techniques :: Information Technology, Networking

OverviewRecently approval has been granted to change our main operating environment from Windows XP to Windows 98. It was determined that this would waive us to better protect our machines from unauthorized access through the use of BIOS passwords. This would also allow for a more consistent operating environment in spite of appearance the office. However, after analyzing the task of this migration it has been determined that perhaps a different environment would better suit picking Energys business needs.ProposalOption Energys business needs may better be fulfilled by utilizing the operating environment that Windows NT provides. Windows NT allows for a much more fasten network environment, and offers the system administrator much more control over network traffic. It would require a longer migration time but the benefits would far outweigh the time that setup would take.Benefits of NT over Windows 98&61607 Eliminates the need for BIOS passwords by requiring a username and pas sword to be authenticated by the new Windows 2000 server. These accounts and passwords can be managed and changed from the server.&61607 Allows for tighter controls when managing user and group accounts.&61607 Offers a more stable operating environment than Windows 98. (Dynamic memory allocation allows for multiple programs to be run in separate memory space)&61607 Windows NT was designed for small business network environments, Windows 98 was designed mainly for home use.&61607 Offers the administrator more control over programs that can be installed on from each one PC and allows more restrictions to be placed on the end user.&61607 I have personally been certified in many areas of the Windows NT operating environment.

conscription Essay example -- essays research papers fc

Non-essential ConscriptionAs the war on terrorism continues more forces in Iraq and Afghanistan are dying every month. The government is struggling to organize the number of soldiers maintaining the opposition in both Afghanistan and Iraq which brings up a popular topic- order of payment (mandatory multitude enlistment). Senator Charles Rangel of New York was the one that introduced the call for the war machine draft upon the Senate. The draft was revoked and still hasnt been in affect since the Vietnam War over thirty years ago. Reinstitution of conscription would not help this country right like a shot, it go away just make matters worse. It is not necessary to permit a draft in the United States because our march on voluntary military should be able to control the defense of our country.If years from now we are still fighting in operation Iraqi liberty and record numbers of troops are dropping, then congress should start to propose a draft, not now. They probably are pre-w arning us right now yet wont actually pass this mandate until next year or months from today. Who knows, the government can construct a draft tomorrow if they feel that its necessary. A meeting between democrats and republicans took place in January this year regarding conscription. They basically discussed how and when this will take action. The mall class and lower middle class should not be force to bear the burden of fighting and dying if, in fact, this is a generational war. (Senator Chuck Hagel-Republican from Nebraska) He and many new(prenominal) senators made it clear to the press that if there was a draft, then the majority of the upper middle class and upper class would be targeted to fight for our country. I agree simply because during the Vietnam War, many children of the higher social layers of society found any possible way to avoid the draft.Our military defense has the most modernistic weapons and protection system in the world. Ever since Bush took place in offi ce, our taxes were contributing towards the expenses of the military. After watching the Department of Defense spend billions of dollars on military needs these last past four years, I wonder why they have to bring up this non-essential topic. This budget that Clinton actually proposed was $277.5 billion for the Sec... ...r paying countenance and was in the best shape of my life. It wasnt that bad, also when I was deployed to Iraq I saved a lot of money and came back to the States feeling and living great. The curtilage why I got out is because I wanted to go to school.Every person in the U.S. between the ages of 18-26 should be aware of this situation that can peradventure happen. They should all have the right to be heard and share their opinions with the rest of the country instead of just the Pentagon, Senate, Legislatures and Politicians. They arent the ones who are going to be forced to fight, we are, and we as the young people of society are the easiest intentions. From m y knowledge and what Ive seen while I was in the Army I can say that our arm forces are fine over in Iraq. We dont need to draft more troops for the war in Iraq. While conscription will ruin our country, another country will be benefited doesnt make sense.Works Citedhttp//grassley.senate.gov/won/2003/won02-01-10.htmhttp//www.defenselink.mil/news/Feb2000/b02072000_bt045-00.htmlhttp//www.wsws.org/articles/2004/apr2004/draf-a22.shtml

Etiquette of a Victorian Lady :: Victorian Women

Etiquette of a Victorian skirtIn both the speed and middle classes, there were certain expectations, or guiding principles that women had to follow in order to be called a lady. There were numerous etiquette guides and books published in this metre period regarding dining, beauty, and social activities, and most of the newspapers and womens magazines included articles on how to be the perfect Victorian Lady. These are some of the most interesting forms of etiquette.Ballroom EtiquetteA Lady should always have an easy, becoming and graceful movement while engaged in a quadrille or promenade. It is more pleasing to the gentleman.--from Etiquette for the Ball RoomWomen were supposed to always be graceful and even something as enjoyable as dancing had to have a bun in the oven effortless, and the woman always had to make sure that she appeared elegant and refined. It as well has a reference to the fact that when dancing, the goal of the womans etiquette was to please the man. Anothe r mannerism that Victorian women followed in the ball room was that a lady should not realize a public ball without an escort, or that no lady should of all time be left unattended (Etiquette for the Ball Room). This is just another employment of how a woman needed a man in order for her to fit into society. It was considered rude if a woman were to ever be seen alone at a ball.Dressing Room EtiquetteThe dressing room of a lady was supposed to be her sanctuary, or a place where nobody except for her ever entered. It was a place where women were meant to admire themselves and make themselves look presentable at all times for their husbands. The husband should always find the wife fresh, beautiful, sweet as a flower (The Ladys Dressing Room). The dressing room was a place where the woman was to be vain and cover up or mask any imperfections that she may have had. The article above also asks, what is life or love without illusions? In order for her husband to be pleased, the woman was to strike off to the dressing room and make herself beautiful, even if it included tricks. Above all, it was private. A lady was to look beautiful at all times, but make it look like it didnt take any effort at all. This was also the place in which the specific hairstyles of Victorian Ladies were created. It was proper etiquette to always wear the hair up.

Etiquette of a Victorian Lady :: Victorian Women

Etiquette of a Victorian LadyIn both the upper and middle classes, there were certain expectations, or whileeuver principles that women had to follow in order to be called a lady. There were numerous etiquette guides and books published in this time period regarding dining, beauty, and social activities, and most of the newspapers and womens magazines include articles on how to be the perfect Victorian Lady. These are some of the most interesting forms of etiquette.Ball get on EtiquetteA Lady should always have an easy, becoming and graceful drive while engaged in a quadrille or promenade. It is more pleasing to the gentleman.--from Etiquette for the Ball RoomWomen were supposed to always be graceful and even something as enjoyable as dancing had to consider effortless, and the woman always had to make sure that she appeared elegant and refined. It also has a reference to the fact that when dancing, the goal of the womans etiquette was to divert the man. Another mannerism that V ictorian women followed in the ball room was that a lady should not attend a public ball without an escort, or that no lady should ever be left unattended (Etiquette for the Ball Room). This is just another example of how a woman needed a man in order for her to fit into society. It was considered rude if a woman were to ever be seen alone at a ball.Dressing Room EtiquetteThe ski binding room of a lady was supposed to be her sanctuary, or a place where nobody except for her ever entered. It was a place where women were meant to admire themselves and make themselves look presentable at all times for their husbands. The husband should always find the wife fresh, beautiful, sweet as a flower (The Ladys Dressing Room). The dressing room was a place where the woman was to be vain and cover up or hide any imperfections that she may have had. The article higher up also asks, what is life or love without illusions? In order for her husband to be pleased, the woman was to retire to the dre ssing room and make herself beautiful, even if it included tricks. Above all, it was private. A lady was to look beautiful at all times, but make it look like it didnt take any effort at all. This was also the place in which the specific hairstyles of Victorian Ladies were created. It was proper etiquette to always wear the hair up.

Barbie-Q Essay

In Sandra Cisneross Barbie-Q, a sudden abundance of flawed Barbie dolls makes the child narrator accepts her own identity and discards societys rarefieds of women. The initial storyworld is that of materialism and perfection. What the narrator values in her dolls and what she plays with them could be seen as a reflection of her own egotism image, of what she thinks she should look like and what kind of life she should live. From the first few lines of the story it becomes clear that the narrator of the story is a little girl.She describes the outfits of her barbies, as if reading from the package, to her friend. Yours is the mavin with mean eyes and a ponytail. Striped swimsuit, stilettos, sunglasses, and gold hoop earrings. The dolls mean eyes reveals the authors critical attitude towards the ideal it represents. This attitude also shows in the title of the story. The Narrator uses second person, as if directly adressing the reader. Who she is talking to is never defined in the story, but it is clear that she is talking to a fellow child.The narration mainly uses unaccompanied first and second person, which realistic all in ally recreates the world of a little girl, where the narrator and her friend are the only people and Barbie dolls the only things that matter. In the second paragraph, the girls repeat societys gender roles in their play Every time the same story. Your Barbie is roommates with my Barbie, my Barbies buster comes over and your Barbie steals him, okay? The invisible Ken doll could be seen as the authors way of emphasising her point about societys assuptions of youth womens interests. The author makes the stab strange enough to catch the readers attention.The flea market scene describes the mundane reality of the narrators neck of the woods which is contrasted with the girls aspirations that are projected to barbie dolls that represent a different social background and lifestyle. The narrator lists the items in the flea markets just like she did with her dolls Lying on the street next to some tool bits, and platform shoes with the heels all squashed, and a fluorescent green wicker wastebasket, and aluminum foil, and hubcaps, and a pink tooshie rug, and windshield wiper blades, and dusty mason jars, and coffee can full of rusty nails. This emphasises the contrast.The initial story world is disrupted in the flea market scene as the narrator finds flawed Barbies for sale. This scene develops in the next paragraph as the narrator gets all the Barbies she dreamed of, only all of them damaged by a fire. In the last paragraph, the narrator seems to accept her own social background as she understands that it doesnt matter that they cant afford all the new Barbie dolls.So what if we didnt get our new Bendable Legs Barbie and Midge and Ken and Skipper and Tutti and Todd and Scooter and Rickie and Alan and Francie in nice clean boxes and had to buy them on maxwell Street, all water-soaked and sooty. The narrator describ es her flawed Barbie And if the prettiest doll, Barbies MODern cousin Francie with real eyelashes, eyelash brush included, has a left foot thats resolve a little-so? This statement could be seen as having a wider meaning, that the child also accepts her own flaws and ends her quest for perfection defined by society.

Oedipus: a Tragic Hero

Oedipus A Tragic Hero Aristotles tragic hero is one of the closely recognizable types of heroes among literature. A tragic hero combines five major points whole of which have to do with the heros stature in society, his faults, how these faults effect him, the punishment his faults gets him, and how he reacts to this punishment. Aristotle explained that the story of Oedipus the King, written by Sophocles, is a perfect example of a tragic hero. In the play, Oedipus is given a prophecy in which he is told that he will kill his father then marry his mother.As in many Greek plays, Oedipus tries to run from his prophecy and ends up fulfilling exactly what it is foretold. finished the play we see that Oedipus posses many of the characteristics of a tragic hero such as he is of noble stature, his downfall was his own fault, and that his punishment was not in all deserved. The first trait that Oedipus possesses that makes him a tragic hero is that he is a man of noble stature. Within the first lines of the play, Oedipus immediately supports this in saying, Here I am myself-/you know me, the world knows my fame/I am Oedipus (7-8).This quote shows that Oedipus is so confident in people knowing who he is that he is willing to displace this turn up there, though he is not being overly confident. This quote is later given reason to when we hear from other characters such as the priest when he explains things that Oedipus has done such as, You freed us from the Sphinx, you came to Thebes/and cut us loose from the bloody tribute we had paid/that harsh, brutal singer (44-46). The Priest depicts when Oedipus defeated the Sphinx, which is the assess that gains him the position of king of Thebes.The next characteristic that Oedipus possesses that makes him a tragic hero is that his downfall is of his own doing. The act that ultimately contributes to Oedipus downfall is that of when he kills his father and he explains to Jocasta that he killed everyone, I killed them all-e very mothers son (898). Since he is talking about his fathers caravan it shows that he, indeed killed his father until now though he was unaware that it was his father at the time.That is only the beginning of his downfall though as he earlier told the Chorus that anyone harboring the murderer would be goddamn, even if it was himself, if by any chance/he proves to be an intimate of our housemay the curse I just called down strike me (284-287). This shows just how near that Oedipus was about punishing this person and even though he doesnt understand that it is himself, and takes awhile for him to realize, that he was responsible for what happened to him. The final discussed characteristic that Oedipus possesses is that his punishment was not wholly deserved.There are three main punishments that Oedipus has to go through because of his crime. Those punishments are his exile from Thebes, the suicide of Jocasta, and the loss of his sight. However, the punishment that pushes everyth ing over the edge is when Oedipus strikes out his own eyes. When he appears to the Chorus he comes out and speaks of how horrid he feels for everything in saying, The blackest things/a man can do, I have done them all (1541-1542). During this very scene the Chorus speaks, not to Oedipus directly, but to each other and the literally shrink away from him.It is obvious that they dont believe he deserves this through their words, O the terror/the suffering, for all the world to see/the worst terror that ever met my eyes,/what madness swept over you? (1432-1435). The Chorus continues to speak of how Oedipus cursed himself by the gods and that this is his punishment, but cannot understand what god would force such a punishment on any man. Works Cited Mifflin, Houghton. Language of Literature World Literature. capital of Massachusetts Houghton Mifflin Company, 2005. Print.

Communication: Death and Life Essay

Describe ethical dilemmas that may arise in own bea of function when balancing individualist rights and duty of guardianship. Nurses and new(prenominal) medical personnel normally confront ethical dilemmas when caring for terminally ill patients. Correct understanding of the unplumbed ethical principles aids the nurses to examine major dilemmas in the delivery of health bearing to the very sick patients or terminally ill patients. Due to a wage increase in medical knowledge and expertise, so are alternatives for healthcare. These alternatives present intricate moral dilemmas when decisions arise regarding the treatment of dying patients. Majority of the medical personnel are faced with the decisions related to the treatment of dying patients to ease a patients final misery. Conceivably, a decision will need to be make about whether to allow a patient to continue living or to land up his or her life by terminating treatment when alls tell and done.Often, these decisions conce rning the care of a dying loved one confront people from all walks of life (Butts and Rich, 2005) reverse of life is a concept that is often ignore despite the fact that everyone will die some day. It is because death is a part of life that people are familiar with palliative care give at the block off of life. Yet, the end of life concept is generally thought to be something equated with human life. At least, that is what people tend to think of when the phrase end of life is uttered. Today, palliative care is offered when someone is dying, and when the end is predictable. Some people die a slow death from issues like cancer or nerve center disease, but others die abruptly from an accident or heart attack when life ends. In the latter case, the end of life is only known in retrospect.How is the end of life defined? Death is very difficult to define. Yet, doctors have determined some criteria to at least allow someone into a hospice program. Still, the end of life can be looked at philosophically, and examined in regard to a number of different domains. For everyone, death is inevitable, and each loss is personally felt by those close to the one who has died. It is very important that nurses, the medical staff and or love ones understand the end of life process of the being in shape to care for them. The dying person should be allowed to have a peaceful, pain free, and dignified death.The World Health Organization (2009) has defined palliative care as an approach that improves the quality of life of patients and their families facing the problem associated with life-threatening illness, through the prevention and relief of suffering by means of early identification and immaculate assessment and treatment of pain and other problems such as physical, psychosocial and spiritual.Caring for those receiving palliative care in the community during the end stages of life requires an extraordinary fealty from the nursing team, not only human resource but also c ompetence, compassion and focus in anticipating the needs of the patient and family. It is a complex action involving a holistic approach, building relationships together with expert professional skills and decision making processes (Melvin 2003).Similarly, in caring for older people the Gerontologists and ethicists argue that nursing nucleotide residents would receive more humane care at the end of life if they remained in nursing homes rather than were transferred to hospitals. Yet, there are legitimate concerns when advocating that nursing homes care for dying residents. Nursing homes recognize the need to earn societys confidence in their ability to provide the dying the highest standard of care. Many homes do, in fact, deliver principled and compassionate are. Yet, even those homes that adhere to high standards point to the lack of industry guidelines on what constitutes quality end-of-life care as a bar to their ability to assure that care to dying residents conforms to the highest quality. Nursing homes need public policy that makes their efforts to explore the use of palliative care models.Explain the principle of communicate choicesPeople approaching the end of life should have the opportunity to make informed decisions about their care and treatment, in partnership with health and social care professionals and with their families and carers. Good communication between health and social care professionals and people approaching the end of life and their families and carers is essential and should be handsome to personal preferences. intercession and care, and the information given about it, should be culturally appropriate.It should also be accessible to people with additional needs such as physical, cognitive, sensory or learning disabilities, and to people who do not speak or read English. People approaching the end of life should have access to an interpreter or advocate if needed. Workforces involved in end of life care should adopt an agre ed, consistent approach and attitude to end of life care that encourages and accepts patient choice, no matter of their own background, culture and views. (Www diversity, equality and language, NHS, NICE guidelines) These principles should include1. The choices and priorities of the individual are at the centre of all End of sustenance care planning and delivery. 2. Effective, straightforward, sensitive and open communication between individuals, families, friends and staff underpins all planning and activity. Communication reflects an understanding of the significance of each individuals beliefs and needs.3. High quality End of Life Care is delivered via the process of close multi disciplinary and inter-agency working. Collaborative working ensures that the needs of the individual are articulated, shared, understood and reviewed. By developing and utilising networks the right resources and support are identified and provided.4. Individuals, their families and friends are well inf ormed about the range of options and resources available to them to enable them to be involved in the planning, developing and evaluating of End of Life Care plans and services.5. Care is delivered in a sensitive, person-centred way that takes account of the circumstances, wishes and priorities of the individual, their family and friends 6. Care and support are available to, and continue for, anyone affected by the end life, and death, of the individual7. Workers are supported to develop knowledge, skills and attitudes that enable them to initiate and deliver high quality End of Life Care, or where appropriate to seek advice and guidance from other colleagues Workers recognise the importance of their continuing professional development, and take responsibility for it

A Comparative Study of Retailing in India Essay

BACKGROUNDAccording to AT Kearney, Indias sell industry comprises US$ 435 champion thousand million. It entails only 6 per cent of itself as organised sell segment as of 2010, according to Booz and Co (India) Pvt Ltd. Hence, there is a great potential to be explored by domestic and multinational players, especially after storage lockers decision to allow up to 51% contradictory direct investment (FDI) in multi-brand sell sector and atomic number 6% FDI in single-brand retail. (Why India is a bad food marketplace refer page 23, Annexure) The Business Monitor world(prenominal) (BMI) India retail Report for the fourth-quarter of 2011 forecasts that the total retail sales allow for grow from US$ 411.28 billion in 2011 to US$ 804.06 billion by 2015. The report has underlined factors like economic growth, nation blowup, increasing wealth of individuals and rapid construction of organized retail cornerstone as major(ip) drivers for the optimistic forecast figures. (Refer A nnexure, fig 2) According to a research report named Retail Sector in India by Research and Markets, Indian retail sector accounts for 22 per cent of the countrys gross domestic product (GDP) and contri howeveres to 8 per cent of the total employment.FDI in single-brand retail currently is 0.03% of cumulative FDI of around $149 billion from April 2000 to September 2011. The announcement is expected to generate 10 million jobs over three long time, without impacting smaller and domestic retailers. FDI in retail will provide the farming community a new support by investing in good farming practices and providing them with better monetary values. The international players will bring a sophisticated front-end that will boost investment in infrastructure by retail players, third-party deliver-chain companies and the establishment. This will improve efficiencies in the communicate chain, undertake wastage, increase efficiency and bring down consumer prices.India has been ranked as th e fourth most attractive nation for retail investment among 30 emerging markets by the US-based international management consulting firm, A T Kearney, in its Global RetailDevelopment Index (GRDI) 2011. Indias MGR (Mass Grocery Retail) sector remains dominated by small-scale traditional retail outlets. All four key modern formats (supermarkets, hypermarkets, convenience and discount stores) be already present within Indias MGR market but these stores are largely operated by a handful of local retailers. Structure of Indias MGR market till 2010 (Estimated number of Outlets fig3, Sales by put fig4) is given in Annexure. Collaborative model for international products Joint ventures (JVs) are emerging as the preferred model for new entrants, wherein foreign players leverage the noesis of the local player and focus on key issues such as quality, pricing, promotions and brand management. Key examples include the Bharti Groups JV with Wal-Mart for retail in the Indian market.MGR sales growth for 2011 = +19.7% compound annual average growth rate to 2015 = +17.6% (Refer Annexure Fig 5) Increased exposure to Western consumption habits has fuelled consumerism in unquestionable and emerging Asia. Wealthy consumers in major towns and cities turn to modern formats in search of the convenience and quality that they now desire and put up increasingly afford. A lot of international retailers are planning to enter and expand their operations in India after the reforms introduced in the FDI policy in retail sector, like Walmart, coupled Colors of Benetton (UCB), Da Milano.According to a report by research firm CB Richard Ellis India, over 6 million square feet of retail mall office was added crosswise India in the first six months of 2011 (Refer Annexure Fig 6) primarily due to aggressive expansion by organized retailers. The potential cities which are good for accounting entryway are given in Annexure Fig 7. Cumulative foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows in singl e-brand retail trading during April 2000 to June 2011 stood at US$ 69.26 million, according to the plane section of Industrial Policy and Promotion (DIPP). There are a lot of entry modes to enter a country, here India. (Refer Annexure Fig 8) And also refer to the growth trend that was observed quarterly in India, stick up socio-economic class. (Refer Annexure Fig 13)BHARTI-WALMARTIndia is a price sensitive market and therefore we will be devising our dodging for her precise carefullyRetailing is like a game of three dimensional chess where we operate as a local, regional and global player, so depending on the needs of the market we shall change our format and adapt. John B Menzer, President and CEO, Wal-Mart International. 5050 joint venture In India, Wal-Mart has a 5050 joint venture with Bharti Enterprises in the in large quantities cash-and- discharge segment, since 2007, under the brand go around station Modern Wholesale. Total retail units as of October 31, 2011 9Best Price Modern Wholesale 9Associates 3,372These stores strike been opened in Amritsar, Zirakpur (Near Chandigarh), Jalandhar, Kota, Bhopal, Ludhiana, Raipur and Indore. The JV in India expects to open 10 to 12 new Best Price Modern Wholesale stores and employ approximately 3,000 4,000 people by end of 2011. On 16 Sept11, it opened its first Best Price Modern Wholesale cash-and-carry store at Nidamanuru, National Highway-5 in Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh. New outlet will also have a Mera Kirana program sacramental manduction best practices such as various aspects of development low-cost modern techniques and processes such as assortment planning, layout and fixtures, displays, backroom, licenses, safe food handling, customer retention and valuate added inspection and repairs with small and medium retailers. On 30 Sept11, it opened a new store format, Easyday Hyper, at Magnet Malls, Bhandup, Mumbai.Currently, the familiarity has 140 easyday stores, 13 easyday Market outlets and 1 e asyday Hyper store. Advantage of Wholesale Cash-and-Carry These benefit retailers as it is a is a one-stop shop that meets the day-to-day needs of restaurant owners, hoteliers, caterers, fruit and veg resellers, kiranas, other retail store owners, offices and institutions. More than 90 percent of these goods and services are being sourced locally thereby helping keep costs to a borderline, adding to the growth of the local economy and creating job opportunities, with the cash and carry store directly employing much than 200 local people.A typical wholesale cash-and carry facility will stand between 50,000 and 100,000 square feet. The joint venture works with the existing supply chain infrastructure to help make it more efficient, thereby maximizing value forfarmers and manufacturers and retailers. The supply chain operation supports farmers and small manufacturers who have limited infrastructure and distribution strength and help minimize wastage, especially of fresh foods and ve getables. An efficient supply chain can play an all important(predicate) role in transforming farmers and small manufacturers into successful entrepreneurs. Technical Collaboration Walmart provides certain adept support to Bharti Retail for its front-end retail venture where Bharti Retail requires critical retail technology and technical know-how. Walmarts Direct Farm Program Multinational retail giant, Wal-Marts Direct Farm Program in India is a partnership with 110 small and marginal farmers near Ludhiana in Punjab where it encourages cultivation of safe, high-quality, seasonal vegetables. Farmers are advised at every stage of cultivation by field agronomists.Farmers learn about nursery management, transplanting, nutrient management, as well as harvest-feast and post-harvest practices. Sourcing from India Walmart has been sourcing a word form of products from suppliers in India for more than 20 years. Walmarts office in Bangalore serves as Walmarts Global Procurement (GP) hub for the sourcing of merchandise from India and Sri Lanka to Walmart stores and Sams Clubs globally. GP India also manages Global Procurement from Sri Lanka. Major categories sourced from India include home textiles (including towels, shower curtains, bath mats, etc.), apparel (including woven, knitwear and leather footwear), leather accessories, fine jewelry and reside wares (like fine dining ware, home dcor, etc). The main categories sourced from Sri Lanka are apparel, textiles and gifts. Launch of its 1st store in India, 2009 The reason for Wal-Marts entry in India was clear-cut The Indian middle class, on which it had been working for around dickens years.Mom-and-pop stores (or the Kiryana stores) and traditional distribution networks dominated the Indian retail market. Wal-Marts first outlet was set to launch in the city of Amritsar, Punjab in North India. The first store air-conditioned and built over 50,000 sq. ft. was on the outskirts of the city, Amritsar. The store empl oyed 200 locals and was belike create 500 indirect jobs. In the first few weeks itself, the comp whatsoever had managed to sign on close to 35,000 members. Training Center Bharti Wal-Mart has opened a preparation centre in Delhi to bridge the gap between demand and supply of skilled manpower in modern retail. It will provide free retail sector-focussed vocational training to candidates.Amemorandum of agreement (MoA) was signed in this regard on July 2211 between Bharti Wal-Mart and the Delhi governments surgical incision of Training and Technical Education. Bharti-Walmart plans to invest over USD 15 mn in Andhra Pradesh this year and impact lives of 25,000 women through multiple initiatives by 2016, it has already created more than 2,000 job-ready women in 3 years through Bharti Walmart Training Centres. Walmart Labs in Bangalore In addition to its R&D centre in the Silicon Valley, Wal-Mart plans to set up some other facility in Bangalore, India (expected to be set up by Dec 2011 ) with about 100 developers to work on technologies and solutions for Wal-Marts global e-commerce business.UNITED colour in OF BENETTONThe Benetton Group, with brands such as UCB, Sisley and Playlife, has a presence in 120 countries. It has network of around 6,000 stores. India has a local production of their collection too. Almost 100 per cent of the products are sourced from India. The product line remains uniform geographically. At present Benetton has over 425 franchised stores in India (since 1991) and the number is likely to double in five years. now it is also focusing on smaller cities and towns given the growth in brand awareness and disposable income levels. Even if FDI in single brand retail is opened up, we will continue to operate like a wholesaler and follow the franchise route, Mr Mohanty (Benetton India MD) said. It has launched its first Concept store in Connaught Place.Stores are an important communication platform for Benetton as it is here that we showcase the depth of our brand crack to the customers. The launch of the new store strengthens Benettons presence in the Indian market. Global brands work everywhere. Consumers currently are very global as they are accepting products that have global appeal. In fact, it has always positioned itself as a colorful brand which has worked wonders for the Indian market. Also it focuses more on consumer experience like store ambience and window merchandising rather than advertising.Almost 40% of our budget is spent on that. However, it is now looking at in-film placements as the next branding strategy. (It has already tied up with an upcoming John Abraham scene 1-800-Love.) It is looking forward to being clothing partners of programmesor events, which are true to their product. Recently, this Italian casual wear brand opened an outlet at magneto Mall, Raipur. Spread over an area of 1,000 sq ft, the store stocks a range of clothes and accessories for men and women. The retailer has a revenue-sharin g model with the mall.DA MILANODa Milano, the international prodigality brand with its range of premium leather goods and accessories is synonymous to precision, craftsmanship and exclusivity. Da Milano imports 70% of its leather and accessories from Italy for its leather goods retailed in India. It has 2 state of the art company owned manufacturing units at Nalagarh in Himachal Pradesh equipped with the latest and most advanced machinery. They have a highly skilled workforce operating under the focussing of Italian technicians. They also have an exclusive tannery near Chennai in TN where leather flummoxd is benchmarked to the latest process technology. By September11, it has 32 signature Da Milano stores across the country. It recently opened 5 flagship stores in Maharashtra. The brands presence can be seen in 10 cities Delhi, Gurgaon, Noida, Jaipur, Chandigarh, Mumbai, Pune, Hyderabad, Chennai and Kolkata.Recently it opened its showroom at Terminal 3 of Indira Gandhi Internati onal Airport in Delhi. The store is sprawled over 850sq.ft and is embellished with all-glass frontage. The appealing visual merchandising of the store also includes an off white backdrop, wooden shelves, soft green wall paper, illuminating marble flooring etc, and is done to entice passers-by and draw footfall. The luxury brand could soon be seen announcing the launch of two of its sub brands Rosso Brunello and Da Milano Home. While the former will offer premium hi fashion foot wears for men and women, the latter will be offering leather accessories for home and office. Rosso Brunello foot wears will be made available at mete out Da Milano exclusive stores, while Da Milano Home and persona accessories would be retailed at Da Milano stores.Well, a lot of scope is there in India as compared to other countries in the world as the organized retail penetration level is only around 5% as compared to 85% in USA, 80% in France and 20% in mainland China. (Refer Annexure Fig 9)PROBLEMATIC fleck/DIFFICULTY FACED IN INTERNATIONAL OPERATIONSPrice issue In India the majority of retail outlets sell products at maximum retail price (MRP), which are administered by the government and printed on each item by manufacturers. Thus, there is minimal price competition among the various store formats. The arrival of International retailers, with vast sourcing networks, may eradicate the importance of government-imposed MRP, as these are likely to focus strongly on low prices as a competitive dig and as a means of encouraging new consumers to try the modern concept. Poor Infrastructure The road infrastructure is poor and federal and state revenue laws are complex, which make cross-state transportation difficult. Indias transport networks/highways, rural infrastructure certainly need investment. Bharti has announced to invest INR 125bn in agriculture and supply chain. It will also invest on specific distribution and transportation storage solutions (ie refrigerated trucks and log istical initiatives, such as electronic product tracking).The relatively tedious pace of MGR growth in India can be largely attributed to two key factors (1) massive income inequalities and (2) tough FDI regulations Labour displacement issue in India The entry of International retailers with efficient systems will destroy the traditional retail sector, making peoples requirement at minimum in these new retail stores. JOB losing fear If we assume 40 mn adults in the retail sector, it would translate into around 160 mn dependents using a 14 dependency ratio. These people are unlikely suitable for other areas of work either. Thus, there is a need to enact new laws to check the prolific expansion of the new foreign malls and hypermarkets, like China, Malaysia and Thailand. (Refer Annexure Fig 12 to see the Asia Pacific Retail Sales by % share) Change in Retail FDI policy On November 24th the coalition government, led by the Congress party, said that in cities of over 1m folk, foreign f irms could now own 51% of multi-brand retailers, such as supermarkets (up from zero), and 100% of single-brand chains (up from 51%).Multi-brand foreign chains, such as Walmart and Tesco, must operate as joint ventures, of which they may now own up to 51%, and may operate only in cities of 1m people or more. The new reform is timely. Growth has dipped below 7%. The rupee is weak, investors are nervous. But still, thegovernment needs to lift confidence, and organized retail could work. (Refer to Annexure Fig 10 to see the Indian economic activity showing the nominal GDP and GDP per capita.) policy-making issues The FDI reform is too controversial to be enacted. The main opposition party, the BJP, which enjoys the support of millions of stallholders, is doing its best to whip up anger. Many Indians feel an emotional attachment to humble kirana stores, and fret that foreign invaders will destroy them.Indian states are not obliged to follow the FDI reform. Many may refuse to liberalize foreign self-possession on their territory. Standard Chartered Bank, reckons that of 53 cities with over 1m people, 28 are run by politicians who say they will block the reform. Indias leftist parties had called for a nationwide strike on Dec. 1 in solidarity with the Confederation of All India Traders, who are among the most vocal opponents of full FDI in retail. The BJP leader Uma Bharti in public threatened to set fire to any Walmart that opens. Fragmented Market The retail shops are very fragmented with only very few supermarkets and no dominant chain. Farming is also fragmented. A rickety legal system makes it hard to enforce contracts. Under the latest FDI reform, foreign-controlled shops will have to obtain a testicle of their processed and manufactured goods from small firms, which may add to their costs. High Land prices in India Foreign retailers will have to find affordable land in packed and expensive cities. Western luxury-goods firms may be able to tolerate extor tionate rents for central locations.Some may prosper with a few out-of-town stores that people visit infrequently, spending lots. But general retailers need both cheap land and proximity to their customersnot an easy mix. Peoples habits Indians are in the habit of shopping for their fruits and vegetables almost every day which get the customer into the shop every day, and chances are shell buy something extra. Building a Walmart-style supply chain of fruits and vegetables requires a lot of investment in improving the productivity and quality of farmers. E.g. showing a tomato farmer how to improve his yields by using wooden stakes for his plants. That farmer doesnt have to sell his tomatoes to Walmart, but when he sees that he can get a better price, he a lot does. To woo farmers away from the system they are used to selling produce at the local mandi, or market, at a price dictated by traders Walmart has set itself a target of increasing farmers incomes by 20% over five years.Far mers Income Bylaw, farmers are required to sell their produce only to approved mandis and have to pay the mandi taxes. (Walmart has to pay the mandi tax even when farmers sell to them.) They travel for hours to get here, and then take whatever price the wholesale buyer is willing to give. The buyers dont inspect the produce and offer better prices for better quality they just sell the 100-kg sacks of vegetables to another set of middlemen, who die it into smaller lots that eventually find their way to vegetable vendors and small retailers. By the time it reaches the consumer, that produce will have been marked up by three to four times or more, but nearly all of that goes to the middlemen, not the farmer. Meanwhile, about 30% of the produce also spoils along the way for lack of cold storage, contributing to Indias soaring food inflation. Distribution issue remains a major challenge to retail expansion. Indias infrastructure is a lot inadequate.A 500km road journey can take as much as 24 hours, owing to poor road conditions, congestion and ships bell booths. Preference for Kirana/local retailers (cheap price offered) According to ASSOCHAMs survey 2010, in which it interviewed 5000 shoppers in various cities in India, kirana stores (mom and pop stores) and local retailers were the preferred destination for shoppers as compared to shopping malls. The survey found that goods were less expensive (as much as 25%) in local kirana stores as compared to big shopping malls with more variety and affordable options with sustainable quality at a negotiable price (reduced margins) Walmarts strict union policy The companys clearly be anti-union policy aiming at preventing its work force from gaining collective bargaining power can result in increased wages.Low overhead costs keen retailers in India already operate with such low overhead costs (by relying on informal labor and making minimal investment in any technology, even refrigeration) that its hard for Walmart to c ompete with them. (Indias traders have, however, invested in their relationships with state and local politicians, who count on their support around election time.) Elsewhere, Walmart may have pioneered the use of low-cost retail labor in India, the cost of labor in retail is already about as low as it can get.STRATEGY ADOPTED TO RESOLVE THE ISSUEIssuing Loyalty cards Keeping customers loyal is a problem retailers often grapple with. Over the last decade, Indian companies that are focusing on acquiring and retaining customers have become aggressive about giving out loyalty cards. As a result, 42 percent of Indians in the SEC A, B and C categories are now part of at least one loyalty program in Indias $4 billion-a-year loyalty market. (This figure includes the market for gifts, which a lot of companies use as a surrogate for loyalty programs.) Loyalty is seen as the number one tool that allows retailers to access data on customer tastes and preferences. Pearson conducted an extensive customer research through Colloquy, its research arm only 20 percent of Indians in the SEC A, B and C categories are loyal to a particular brand. Offer a better deal and they are more than willing to shift. change Infrastructure Tesco is planning to work with Tatas Star Bazaar hypermarket business on a franchise basis, providing expertise and technical support in engender for a fee to the fast-expanding network. Star Bazaar stores, potentially meaning that Tesco-branded private-label goods could appear in consumer retail outlets in India. It provides employment for some 3,000 local workers at its global service centre in Bangalore. More Partnership Wal-Mart is also considering a partnership with Indian counterpart Future Group to strengthen its presence in India. Also, Walmart is on an expanding spree in India and wants to cover maximum areas in India, even the interior regions.Recently, it opened a new store format, easyday Hyper, at Magnet Malls, Bhandup, Mumbai. This is Bharti Retails first store in West India. Spread over 60,000 sq.ft., the outlet stocks over 20,000 products displaying 475 new items, including personal care products, stationery, household articles, hosiery items and daily-need groceries. portal of Innovative ideas Walmart is also introducing innovating ideas to differentiate it from other retailers, like the recently opened store also has a section called Baby World. Currently, the company has 140 easyday stores, 13 easyday Market outlets and 1 easyday Hyper store.Cluster approach strategy Walmart follows a cluster approach strategy and initially largely focused on Punjab, although it opened stores in other places also. It has covered the four big markets (in Punjab) already. Pricesettling Government of India should introduce the concept for the organized retail by setting a minimum price for a commodity, below which a retail store cannot sale the product. This should be done to avoid the occurrence of monopoly of a retailer in the coun try. individualized Offer to Customer The current retailers in India should take an advantage of the prior knowledge of the customer requirement and customer nature in India. They should provide customized deals and service to them, so that they may retain the old customers even on the opening up of new international retail stores whose service is not personalized.LESSONS LEARNTClearly, once the blondness caps on foreign investment are lifted, the India MGR sector will witness tremendous flows of investment from global retailers, which leads to our projection of 155.6% in MGR sales to 2015. Its retail market is forecast to nearly double to $850 billion by 2020. (Refer to Annexure Fig 11 to see the forecast for 2020 in terms of sales in organized and unincorporated retail market.) Also, when a retailer (say Walmart) enters a new market, a lot depends on the kind of a partner it has. As Bharti itself has ambitions to be a major retail powerhouse in India, thus there is a strategic conflict between their interests. As, sooner or later India will permit foreign retailers to have direct equity ownership in India, then what will Walmart be left holding? Bharti has retail ambitions, thus it will want to buy Walmarts shares, rather than sell. Bharti-Walmart stores are branded BestPrice, and not with Walmarts name.Thus, Walmart could have thought of India as a portfolio of regional markets and work with smaller regional partners. Its hard for the local kiryana stores, etc. to have much bargaining power or have national ambitions. They would have been happy to brand them as Walmart and when regulations change, Walmart would be able to buy them out. Walmart India probably will invest in a joint venture with Kishore Biyani-led Future Group soon. The report is not confirmed yet. On Tuesday (March 2911), a leading business daily in India reported that senior executives of Future Group and Walmart had met at least five times in four months, raising possibilities of an all iance. More important, the debate over Walmarts effect on retail employment misses a larger point. In India, the majority of the population is employed in agriculture, and Indian farmers stand to gain a lot from greater investment by anyone foreign ordomestic in the supply chain that brings food from the field to the consumer. CRISIL, a research firm, reckons the reform could attract up to $3 billion of foreign investment over five yearswelcome, but not nearly enough to fund Indias current-account deficit or transform the industry.Indias consumer-goods firms, among its most profitable, have thrived in the era of averse retailing and supply chains, but are betting on gradual change. The biggest, Hindustan Unilever, has seconded staff to stores in America and Britain to learn how they work. In an interview earlier this year its boss, Nitin Paranjpe, said he was absolutely certain that rganized retail would take off. But he reckoned it would take a decade to capture a quarter of the market. entrance a market as big and complex as Indias is a big bet, even for experienced international retailers. Success is by no means guaranteed citing example of China, where Tescos Chinese operations are only breaking even though they have been in the country for seven years. Walmart is doing better, but this was helped by its takeover of Trustmart, a Taiwanese supermarket.Carrefour and Auchan, two French supermarket chains, are doing best, because they adapted more than their rivals to the taste of the Chinese and their shopping preferences, says Ben Cavender at China Market Research in Shanghai. Carrefour, for instance, introduced what is known as wet markets in most of its outlets open food markets that sell live animals. To be successful in India, Walmart, Carrefour and Tesco will need to give their local managers a lot of autonomy to adapt their stores. India boasts more than 20 official languages, three major religions and many, very different culinary traditions.Big B azaar, one of the few Indian hypermarket chains, shows how far such adaptation will have to go. Instead of copying the narrow aisles in Western stores, designed for individual shoppers with carts, the firm has packed its stores with clusters through which shoppers have to navigate. This recreates the organised chaos Indians know from shopping in real bazaars bumping into people, chatting and eating. All these international retail shops offer a wider variety and larger quantity of some items, but lacked the personal equalise. They do not have the quality of personalized touch that a normal Kiryana store offers to its customers, thus it will take a long way to establish the retail market in India, but the detention is for the final say by the government of India.REFERENCEwww.walmartstores.comhttp//www.ey.com/IN/en/Newsroom/News-releases/Published-editorialFDI-in-retailMNC-retailers-to-select-partners-with-suitable-capabilitiesFDI in Indias Retail Sector More Bad than Good? By Mohan Guruswamy, Kamal Sharma, Jeevan Prakash Mohanty, Thomas J. Korahhttp//business.in.com/article/magazine-extra/walmarts-strategy-through-the-world/6042/1ixzz1fpdJwzydwww.indiaretailing.comhttp//business.in.com/article/web-special/loyalty-networks-poised-to-enter-indian-market/30972/1ixzz1fpikaw00 http//www.ibef.org/download/Retail_270111.pdfhttp//retail.franchiseindia.com/interviews/Debutant/Bagging-profits-59/ Issue 37 September 2011 http//www.dnb.co.in/Ind_cursorpdf/Industry_Cursor_September_2011.pdf http//www.ramms.co.in/admin/application/source/files/news/39_RRN-Sept%202011.pdf FDI in retail MNC retailers to select partners with suitable capabilities Economic Times By Paresh Parekh, Tax Partner, Ernst & Young

Examining The African Union And Economies Economics Essay

Harmonizing to Stephanie ( 2009 ) was enlighten most AU and AU was abbreviated as an AFRICAN UNION. Initi onlyy formed as an ORGANISATION OF AFRICAN UNITY ( OAU ) and it was established in 1963. Harmonizing to Manelisi, Francis and Stephen ( 2000 ) was cited about OAU and briefing the personal businesss of an Continental degree and looking into independent organic structure as a forming of a African Union. They be victorious into con inclineration of quicken uping public presentation of OAU. They need true rules and study(ip)ly concentrating in two countries. First sensation was soereignty and secondly known as non-interference. Leaderships of a African realms lack behind in leading qualities and underlined to organize an African fraternity. MR. Muammar el-Qaddafi and he was from Libya disk operating frame and their chief aspiration to establish an AU. 53 lands Members argon actively indulge to back up a African brotherhood excepting the Morocco state.African brother hood and their Main aimsHarmonizing to Stephanie ( 2009 ) was AU is endeavoring to meliorate the knowledge in the African states and to cut down the poorness and the graft and to stop the legion differences in the Africa. Harmonizing to Ryan Africa sop up its ain aims, that African brotherhood is a political brotherhood. African brotherhood chief aim is to develop the disparate type of working classs in broad scope of administrations in this African brotherhood. This African brotherhood ever taking that to develop and societal and frugalalal development in Africa. By the manner, they have got success in release for African provinces by utilizing their power of colonial.Chiefly African brotherhood have their ain aims areTo strive integrity in between African provinces and in the great unwasheds integrity besides.To accomplish peace in between provinces of Africa by freehanded security to the continent of Africa.To come apart the velocity in political countries and to unite the socio- frugal facets in the continents of Africa.By self-aggrandising the encouragement to research in all the Fieldss the development of the continents are travel frontward, berthicularly in the Fieldss like scientific discipline and the engineering.Promote the minimal criterions of the people populating in Africa, by promoting the support in human activity in all the Fieldss.Required conditions are set up which allow the African state to engineer portion to execute its right function in the international conferences and the world-wide market.Encourage to keep the ecological balanced betterment at all degrees like societal and scotchal and cultural facets over and above African economic placements integrating.African brotherhood is taking the aid of the international spouses and they are giving mark for obliteration of chief causes of diseases. Whole continent want to advance the hygienic conditions for peachy wellness of African people.African brotherhood concentra ting on primeval issues like democratic rules.African brotherhood concentrating on their establishments.African brotherhood want to keep good administration and active indulgenceGlobal crisisHarmonizing to Anup ( 2009 ) tellurian crisis was foremost started in united provinces and it shown its consequence on all other states and once more it started In the year2007 the sublunary economic crisis was started and had a great consequence in monetary position of different states of the domain and it continued to 2008. delinquent to the planetary crisis there is a immense diminution in the stock market worldwide. Fiscal establishment in different part of the universe has been collapsed and even the authorities in the strongest states has to some forward to raise the fiscal position of the other states. Harmonizing to Patrick ( 2008 ) worldwide figure of states go under into the tour point due to the fiscal planetary crisis. It is on-going processReasons for planetary crisisHarm onizing to Mak ( 2008 ) is the chief ground for the recent planetary economic crisis is sub-priming lodging market . It was chiefly started in fall in States. Harmonizing to Anup ( 2009 ) was due to the sudden autumn of the sub-prime market which is based in the US and the unfortunate reverse in the lodging roar shows its ripple consequence on the other industries throughout the universe. Because of the place mortgages fiscal merchandises was adversely affect and have major deductions for the planetary crisis. Taking all above facet in to considerations and ultimately it reach to neglect. Harmonizing to rakesh ( 2009 ) was the addition of the fiscal planetary crisis was started in 2008 andshows it effects on the present economic dodging and the fiscal environments. The economic failure it made the universe economic system really hard at this clip due to crisis. Global crisis shows its immense consequence on cardinal Bankss. The effects of fiscal crisis are leads to epoch alter ation in the cardinal Bankss. Because of the autumn of the cardinal Bankss the fiscal system was affected. At the initial degree of the crisis, it ascribed that the crisis leads to the planetary instabilities but the result of these instabilities carcass for longer. Global imbalances show its paucity in the histories of the America. It shows its excess in develop states Asia like China and the states like Russia and Middle East which are exporting the embrocate besides affected due to the crisis. Macroeconomic instabilities like salvaging investing and immense flows in the cross-border fiscal is put its emphasis on the procedure of the intermediation. These instabilities are cooperated to acquire forth some of the characteristics for the current crisis. Harmonizing to Ivan was the chief job that raised due to the crisis was unemployment. Harmonizing to economic adviser ( 2009 ) This can be solved by cut pour down the unemployment easy than the other crisis and the other ground for the crisis is most of the economic systems are depending on the frail policies. These policies are prostrations and these consequences to the planetary crisis. Crisis shows the impact on the international concern. Companies pack to acknowledge the its operations to get the better of the recission.otherwise 1000000s of workers are quit from the occupations. Globally concerns are adequately hit by the crisis and due to this companies seek the aid from the authorities. To run companies need the aid of the authorities. Most of the little graduated table industries are in danger and others are confronting the jobs like insolvents.Impact of planetary crisis on African economic systemChapter 2CHALLENGES POSED BY THE CURRENT GLOBAL CRISIS ON AFRICAN ECONOMIESMAIN CHALLENGESHarmonizing to AFM ( 2009 ) was enlighten in their committe about African economic systems confronting with several jobs and their economic system severely affected by the crisis. The commission be aftering to conc entrate on cardinal countries and placing jobs to purl tinkle and they want to take necessary stairss to get the better of the crisis state of affairs in AU economic systems. These are the chief challenges to get the better of jobs during crisis stage.AU have to analysed challenges and actively indulge in their several Fieldss and speed up plants process to make a good economic system for whole African people.Eradication of poornessKeeping sustainability of a maturementInflows of a capitalLack of support from private sectorsWorsening of a financial grosssLack of promotional activities on wellness attention systemsLack of base installations regional every bit good as national degree.Worsening of a exportsEradication of poornessAfrican economic systems confronting many an(prenominal) hurdlings during the crisis. The first and most of import tax is disputing undertaking for African economic systems is looking farther obliteration of poorness in their several states. Poverty plays a critical function for the economical development of the county. African economic systems have to take particular steps to eliminate poorness and it is really indispensable appraise for development of the states. Recently an African economic system was severely affected by crisis and poorness has become one large major job for their states. All African states come to together and take remedial steps for poorness and Lashkar-e-Taiba s make African states pride at planetary degree.Keeping sustainability of a ripeningThe 2nd of import measure is disputing undertaking of a sustainability growing for economic systems. They are majorly concentrating on investings and use the resources in a proper mode. Availability of investing and they are majorly giving accent for substructure installations and do sustainability growing of African economic systems. Due to crisis and their economic system was fallen down and short autumn of investing. Before the crisis African economic systems was kept high outlooks about their investing. They kept marks to make their places, during 2009 about 50 billion dollars and 2010 it can be reached to fifty six one cardinal millions dollars harmonizing to USD. African economic systems have to do their economic system more stable and need to take particular steps to get the better of the planetary crisis.Inflow of a capitalHarmonizing to concern directory was cited in their web site about capital influx stands acquiring beginnings externally like foreign states and they can be cheaper canvas with interior(prenominal) market. Harmonizing to Michele ( 2008 ) was cited in his article about capital influx for African economic systems and other states like South Africa SA adversely effected due to economical crisis and certain countries like about an agribusiness sector, about an excavation sector and fabrication sector. forrader the crisis SA states and other African states holding a good capital influxs for a spot of 2007. These states are majorly depending on foreign states and looking into economical development of the African states. When foreign Countries was severely by planetary receding and it straight reflects to an African Economies AE .Lack of support from private sectorsPrivate sector plays a critical function for economic development of the state. Due to crisis many African states was faced with shortage of their payments. This is an of import challenging undertaking for African states and these states are wholly rely on private sectors. Many of the African states people lost their occupations in different sectors because of planetary crisis. African authoritiess was failed raising financess from fiscal markets of a international markets. Many of the undertakings has been cancelled due to miss of support from private sectors for African economic systems. Harmonizing to Afrol about their intelligence was cited in their website African authorities has to promote the FDI from the demonstrable states a nd it leads to economic development of the state. African states taking that private sector can salvage from planetary recession. Taking support of private sector, African states can supply ample of occupation chances for their state people. Many of the foreign investors are looking for ample of resources and that at the same clip want support from African states.Worsening of a financial grosssHarmonizing to ADB ( 2009 ) was enlighten in his article about financial grosss in African economic systems. African states are adversely set uping during planetary crisis minute. African states were confronting with financial grosss jobs because they do nt hold ample of financess for development of African Union. Fiscal grosss are lastly reached to decline variant and advancement of a African economic systems coming down and growing of gross domestic product was reached up to 0 % . Harmonizing to AFM ( 2009 ) was cited about financial grosss reached to worsen phase due to planetary crisis. Producing of a oil states of African states confronting many hurdlings, authorities does nt hold any financess, deficiency buttocks at development of substructure installations was taking some jobs because of financial grosss. Other sectors known to be about building field, about fabricating field and other several Fieldss of service degrees and others sectors are considers as a non-oil. These sectors are wholly rely on public sectors and slowly it reached to worsen phase. African economic systems forecasted grosss of a authorities can be reached upto 20 four per centum during the catch of 2009. African states need to analyze approximately financial gross and this can be taking to an of import challenging undertaking for economic development of African states.Lack of promotional activities on wellness attention systemsHarmonizing to Nana and Alan ( 2004 ) was cited in his book about HIV/AIDS and their programmes. African states confronting many jobs on wellness attention systems. African states people are infected by HIV diseases and about 50 to eighty per centum affected by an urban population. African economic systems was severely affected by planetary crisis and they are holding another of import challenging undertaking was wellness attention system. Because of recession and their states economic system goes down. Their states confronting many jobs with wellness attention system and they concentrate on cardinal factors to advance a good wellness attention system in African states. Some African states like Zambia and other state Zimbabwe are extremely affected HIV Patients. Harmonizing to Hanlin ( 2007 ) was cited in his journal African states want to advance good wellness systems to awful diseases like HIV and AIDS. African states need to accommodate advanced constructs to command and supervise the HIV/AIDS programmes. They are implemented PPS and PPS stands for Public-Private partnership as an advanced construct and authorities invested plenty of fi nancess during 2005. At present scenario African states adversely affected by planetary crisis and take challenging undertaking and implemented efficaciously to protect awful diseases for African state peoples.Lack of substructure installations regional every bit good as national degreeAFM commission ( 2009 ) was enlightened that African Economies was adversely affected deficiency of substructure installations due to planetary crisis. Initially African states have to concentrate at basic degree. Every state of matter economical development depends on substructure installations and it plays a vital for economical development of the state. Infrastructure is an of import facet and anchor for African states. African states have infrastructural spread between regional every bit good as national degree. Harmonizing to Zuma and Jacob ( 2009 ) was cited in his article says that substructure is an of import facet and they has dressed ore certain countries like about rail webs, about coeval s of a power, about a telecommunications and proper public conveyance installations. South African state in their history it was the first clip gone in recession and gross domestic product came at diminution phase and many African economic systems are emphasize and they are seeking stable their a economic system in a stipulated period of clip. Many of the investors is non coming frontward to put in African states because of planetary crisis. Now it was become ambitious undertaking for African states to heighten substructure installations for development of African states. African Government has to promote private participants and they have provide some particular privileges to private participants and taking support of these participants they can extenuate hazard from planetary crisis.Worsening of a exportsHarmonizing to AFM commission ( 2009 ) was stated that African states major exports are Oil bring forthing, wood merchandises and valuable diamonds and other sectors like fabricat ion. Producing of an oil was severely affected by crisis. An export was fallen down during the period of 2009 and 2010. Before crisis expected up to two 50 one billion dollars of 2009 and two 70 seven dollars of U.S. planetary crisis hit severely for African states and the exports are reached phase of diminution at two 100 one million millions of dollars in 2009 and two 20 billion of dollars in 2010 of U.S.Chapter 3Schemes implemented by African economic systemsChapter N04ANALYSIS REPORT FOR AFRICAN ECONOMIESGlobal recovery of an African states comparing with other states.Harmonizing to Andre ( 2010 ) was cited in their web site on Jan 28th about planetary recession and hurdlings faced by states and concentrating on economical growing calculating for following approaching old ages. African economic system is emerging economic system in recent old ages. Most of the African economic systems came to worsen phase and their economic systems are adversely affected by planetary crisis duri ng the period of 2009.From figure 1Beginning hypertext guide protocol //www.un.org/ecosocdev/geninfo/afrec/newrels/wesp-graph.gif ( 27/04/2010 )From Figure 1 provinces that African economic systems economical growing was 1.3 % during the period of 2009. UN enlighten in their studies about Many of the African states adversely by planetary crisis and growing of African economic systems was slow down. They forecasting that African economic system growing can be reached to 4.3 % by 2010 comparing to 2009. They want to heighten public presentation and growing of an African economic system at least 3 times and they are taking into consideration and comparing with 2009 and 2010. African can be consider as a 2nd fastest of a turning economic system in planetary parts and they holding an trust on them and anticipating to make growing of a economic system by 2010. season we taking in to consideration of Asiatic states economical growing during the period 2009 and following approaching twelv emonth of 2010. About south Asiatic states and east states parts and these states are see as emerging economic systems and these states are affect by planetary crisis during 2009. The economic system growing was 4.3 % in 2009 and they kept immense outlooks for their economic growing and these states are seeking really hard and they kept mark to make to 6.4 % growing of a economic system by the remnant of 2010. Lets we take other portion of the part known as Western Asia from Asiatic states. Western Asia of a economic system growing 0.4 per centum in 2009 and these part has to work hard develop their economic system and they are be aftering to make 3.6 growing of a economic system by 2010. While we taking into consideration about Latin American and Caribbean states and other parts of a developed economic systems. They are adversely affected by planetary crisis and confronting many hurdlings during 2009. The growing of a economic system was reached to 0.4 per centum in 2009. about Af rican states and southeast states at least they are in a normal places comparing to developed economic systems. Developed economic systems economic system growing drastically fallen down due to planetary crisis in 2009. These states are seeking their best and develop the economic system growing and looking farther to their mark 1.3 % of a economic system growing by the terminal of 2010. African states are concentrating on cardinal sectors like an oil and other related mineral merchandises. African states is rich natural resources and their merchandises have an immense demand and they exports their merchandises to developed states. FDI plays an critical function for African economic systems and if they want to get the better of from planetary crisis, FDI is an of import factor development of African Economy and it has some privileges for African states. African states promoting FDI and at the same clip they giving accent for private participants. By taking support of FDI and particip ants of a private sectors and they can get the better of the planetary crisis job by the terminal 2010. African states make their economic system sustainable and advancement of an African economic system.The domestic nest testicle and their several place from 2005-2008 and following period from 2009 -2010Harmonizing to AFDB ( 2010 ) was enlighten that domestic nest eggs of African states comparing with about developed economic systems and about developing economic systems. They are explained in context degree of diagrammatical chart which is listed below.i.e Figure 2.Figure 2 about Domestic Savingss of a part sideBeginning hypertext transfer protocol //www.afdb.org ( 27/04/2010 )From figure2 stated that about developing states of Asiatic states demoing sustainable growing rate of economic system and heightening salvaging rates from 2005-2008 and during crisis minute of 2009-2010 their economic system turning at an mean 35 % . About advanced economic systems during 2005-2008 was st eadily bettering and it reaches up to 20 % nest eggs. During planetary crisis minute economic systems salvaging rates fallen down drastically 2009-2010 and it was 18 % . About Middle East states, approximately Latin American states and Carribeans during 2005-2008 salvaging rates growing was bettering 42 % and 22 % severally and during 2009- 2010 their economy rates fallen during planetary crisis minute 38 % and 29 % severally. African economic system was eat before the crisis during 2005-2008 and salvaging rates was high and they reached upto 25 % severally comparing with other states like Asiatic states, about in-between east states their redemptive really high, but relatively African states growing was mean, but all of a sudden African states salvaging fallen down i.e. 18 % . During 2009-2010. It is clip taking procedure for African states over come from planetary crisis. It is really difficult for African states during planetary crisis and they have to plan suited proposals an d concentrate on cardinal sectors where they are lack behind. FDI scheme is suited scheme for African economic systems because there was reached to worsen phase. Due to planetary crisis African states lack in resources like about substructure installations, humane capital and non-suitable for concern environment. An African states faces many hurdlings to develop their economic system and they have merely one major ground behind i.e. Fundss. Any state want to develop that should hold ample of financess to develop their economic system. African state besides confronting same job.i.e FUNDS. Before crisis African economic system was dining in the universe. African faces international degree every bit good as domestic degree and it shows immense impacts growing of their economic system. An African states faces unemployment jobs and they are unable to supply ample of occupation chances for African states specially youth. The stock markets and their major resources of their exports reache d to worsen phases and these are major impacts for African economic systems.The Real GDP and their growing ( % ) of African states and the several sub-regions in 2009.The African states were slow down their GDP and it is adversely affected by African economic system due to planetary crisis.Figure 3Beginning hypertext transfer protocol //www.afdb.org ( 27/04/2010 )The growing of African states was before the crisis is bettering and they are seeking to run into the demands of Global economic system. But planetary crisis make the African economic system slowed down and its automatically reflects on GDP of a African states. From fig3 provinces about GDP of African provinces and how it reaches diminutions phases between 2008 to 2009. The existent gross domestic merchandise ( GDP ) and their growing was calculated in per centums during 2009.About Eastern African existent GDP of their 4.3 % during 2009 and their growing reached a diminution phase 2 % between the old ages of 2008 and in 200 9. About Central Africa Real GDP of their 2.1 % during 2009 and their growing reached a diminution phase between the old ages of 2008 and in 2009. Decline phase is somewhat more relatively of existent GDP of a cardinal Africa. About Western African existent GDP of 3.5 % during 2009 and their growing reached a diminution phase 2 % between the old ages of 2008 and in 2009. About South African was severely affected by the planetary crisis and their existent GDP was demoing in negative i.e. ( -1.3 % ) . South African plays a critical function for economic development of African states. The major portion come from south African because they are holding ample resources and it is cardinal location and it major suited all concern environment for domestic every bit good as international degree. South African is major affected by planetary crisis and growing came to worsen 6.5 % . Many African of the states are wholly rely on exports and they want to develop African economic system and at the same clip concentrating on growing of GDP of a African states. African states keep the mark to crush planetary crisis and do the African economic system as a sustainable economic system by the terminal of 2010.About oil and their trade good exports of African statesHarmonizing to Urbanomics ( 2009 ) was cited in web site about exports of African states.Figure4Beginning hypertext transfer protocol //4.bp.blogspot.com/_GMkD4mFrFxw/ScYoFFQPWfI/AAAAAAAAA0k/VMU5QZYF6kY/s320/oil+and+commodities.gif ( Accessed on 28/04/2010 )African states are majorly concentrating on exporting trade good merchandises and they are bring forthing ample of sum

Limitations
 of the BCG model Essay

The BCG model is criticised for having a number of limitations (Kotler 2003 McDonald 2003)There are other reasons other than relative market place share and market ontogenesis that could influence the allocation of resources to a product or SBU reasons such as the need for strong brand name and product positioning could compel resource allocation to an SBU or product (Drummond & Ensor 2004).What is more, the model rests on net hard currency consumption or generation as the fundamental portfolio balancing criterion. That is distinguish only in a capital constrained environment. In modern economies, with relatively frictionless capital flows, this is non the appropriate metric to apply rather, risk-adjusted discounted cash flows should be used (ManyWorlds 2005).Also, the intercellular substance assumes products/business units are independent of each other, and independent of assets outside of the business. In other words, there is no provision for synergy among products/business units. This is rarely realistic.The relationship between cash flow and market share may be weak due to a number of factors including (Cipher 2006) competitors may have access to lower cost materials unrelated to their relative share position low market share producers may be on precipitous experience curves due to superior production technology and strategic factors other than relative market share may affect lettuce margins.In addition, the growth-share matrix is based on the assumption that high rates of growth use large cash resources and that maturity of the life cycle brings about the expected profit returns. This may be incorrect due to various reasons (Cipher 2006) capital intensity may be low and the business/product could be grown without major cash outlay high entry barriers may exist so margins may be sustainable and big enough to produce a peremptory cash flow and a growth at the same time and industry overcapacity and price competition may depress prices in maturi ty.Furthermore, market growth is not the only factor or necessarily the most important factor when assessing the attractiveness of a market. A fast growing market is not necessarily an attractive champion. Growth markets attract new entrants and if capacity exceeds demand then the market may become a low margin one and therefore unattractive. A high growth market may lack size and stability.Given the aforementioned weaknesses, the BCG Growth-Share matrix must be used with cautiousness nonetheless, it is a best-known business portfolio evaluation model (Kotler 2003).

Group Behavior and Processes Essay

GROUP BEHAVIOR AND PROCESSES theme behavior and movees in this paper is about a problem with a new economic crisis income disposal lodging education and the illegal activities that have impacted the community in making the approximation unsafe. The rootage of this paper sees not only the different illegal groups behaviors as the problem in this scenario but besides the behavior group that is supposed to be in charge of this gloomy income governance lodgement development as the problem also. This is the processes that the author of this paper would do to resolve a lot of these problems (Peak, 2012).WHAT KINDS OF INFORMATION WOULD YOU hive up TO ADDRESS PROBLEMS SUCH AS DRUGS, PROSTITUTION, AND VANDALISM?First you have to use the local anesthetic faithfulness enforcement representation to come into this neighborhood and having them do round the clock undercover and stakeouts. Having the local law enforcement performance delineate and keep accurate records on the main pro blem persons in the drug, prostitution, and malicious mischief issues. Also have the law enforcement agency document thoroughly every(prenominal)one involved in doing illegal activity at the local convenience store that is close by. Try to make active narcotic buys, prostitution buys, and finding theperpetrators in the vandalism problem and documenting them to make cases against each and every one in this small flatcar unit neighborhood will help slow down and eventually alleviate the illegal activity in perfectly order (Peak, 2012).You also need to identify all the bureaucrats involved in working at the low income government housing project. Find out with an external audit who makes the decisions in approving applications to move into this government housing unit and why their rules were broken allowing those with criminal records to move into this small 58 apartment housing unit. at once the external audit has found culpability, replace those involved in breaking the rules. Re-evaluate each and every application of those residents who have criminal records and place them in a separate file from the law stable residents in the units.. (Peak, 2012).WHAT KINDS OF RESPONSES MIGHT BE CONSIDERED?The local law enforcement agency can take one apartment over and have a senior law enforcement officer move into the apartment and take up residence. By having an officer live in the apartment unit would give the residents a sense of constancy in their unstable world. Having this form of community policing will get needed intelligence from residents to help deal the crime in this apartment unit. While patrol officers are patrolling the neighborhood they should each make it a point to stop at the convenience store for coffee stops and spend time on foot patrol in the area. Field interviews should be done with the individuals just hanging out. Make it cognise that law enforcement is in the area to stay. Monthly meetings need to be put together with the bureaucrats at the low income housing agency and law enforcement agency to keep each other informed on what is sledding on with these apartment units (Peak, 2012).WHAT TYPES OF ASSESSMENT WOULD YOU PERFORM?I would assess the local law enforcement agency with how lots help are they giving the low income government housing agency for all their low incomehousing units. The bureaucrats need to work together with the local law enforcement agency to eradicate the illegal activity. Once the local law enforcement agency has all the evidence they need to make cases, start the arrest process. When the arrest process takes place, eviction notices needs to go out to those with criminal records at the same time in coordination with the arrests.Once an apartment unit opens up the bureaucracy moves a new resident in with no criminal record and none on their childrens record. Every six months gradually going to once a year external audits need to assess the performance on the low income government housing ag ency to make sure the rules are being applied to make sure the safety of the residents are a priority (Peak, 2012).ReferencePeak, J.K. (2012). _Justice Administration Police, Courts and Corrections Management_ (7th ed.).Retrieved from The University of Phoenix eBook Collection database.

The Market for Chocolate Cookies Is Comprised of Two Types

(a) As the question says the securities industry for chocolate cookies is war-ridden thus, this complies with the commercialise structure of Perfect disputation where there argon a large anatomy of buyers and sellers in the market. The basic characteristics of a Perfect competitor food market structure are that there is perfect admitledge on twain sides of the market that is buyers and sellers know what the current market terms is and thus, it prevents exploitation of the consumers as producers would not be able to bam cheating(prenominal) be.This is because each secure produces an insignificant fraction of the total market supply and therefore is unable to coin legal injury, it is for this reason that each firm in perfect competition is known as a price taker. thither are no barriers to entry or glide by in a perfectly competitive industry and thus, producers can enter or exit the market without either restrictions and thus, without any significant losses. The c onvergency of demand and supply curves of the industry determines the equilibrium price a typical producer can charge which also become the demand of the firm.Due to this, the producers cannot exploit the consumers by charging a high price and thus, the price is forever at the equilibrium. This is because if the producers charge a higher(prenominal)(prenominal) price, the demand for the product becomes zero, because the consumers can always switch to some other producer as the good is homogenous. (Anderton, 2000) Since the Firms in Perfect Competition are Price takers so they both take the current market price, Pe as shown in the Graph where the Market Demand and Supply intersects and determine the Market equilibrium.D0 can be assumed as the Total Demand of Chocolate Cookies in the market and S0 can be assumed as the Total Supply of the Chocolate Cookies in the Market. Not for arrive at Organisations (NPOs) intermediate Cost (ATCn) is higher than the Average Cost of network Ma king Organisations, that is ATCp, because Not for profit organisations (NPOs) use up disabled people and their cost is also high because pelf Making Organisation are do use of Capital Intensive technologies thus, more of their production is automated and they employ fewer workers than the NPOs.Average Cost of the scratch Making Firms (ATCp) is equal to the market Price (Pe) so they are shamble a Normal lolly just because of higher productivity due to which their cost is reduced. A firm makes a Normal Profit when its total Economic Cost, which is Average Cost in other words, is equal to the price firm is charging. In other words it can be said that the firm is making zero economic profit. A firm makes a supranormal profit when its Average Cost (economic cost) is lower than the price it is charging. The NPOs initi bothy in the Short act as are making a loss since their Average Cost (ATCn) is greater than the price (Pe) charged.A profit making firm may also make a supernormal p rofit unless in the concisely roll only, in the long run it can only make a normal profit or a zero economic profit. NPOs go away be following a cost minimizing price, marginal cost price. (b)(i) A splashiness sum tax income is a fixed heart that is charged as tax irrespective of a occupancys profit, sales revenue or capital. According to Mankiw (2009), A lump sum tax is the most efficient tax possible because the businesss decisions do not alter the tax owed, the tax does not causes any dead angle losses and does not distort any incentives.Since, there is a fixed nub payable as tax so there is no administrative expense of hiring tax lawyers and accountants. Short run is the prison term period when at least one inputs in the production process is fixed and the rest are shifting. Usually in the in brief run, the variable input is labour and the fixed input is capital. In the piteous run, it is assumed that producers can only alter production by changing the variable inpu ts rather than any fixed inputs. In the rook run, existing firms do not exit the market.When the government imposes a lump sum tax on the profit making corporations in a perfect competition, it disturbs the market structure of Perfect competition. It challenges the basic theory of Perfect Competition which says no barriers to entry and exit to and from the market. There is no government intervention usually in a perfectly competitive industry since it changes the basic characteristics of the Market Structure. However, after the government decides to impose a tax on the profit making firms only thusly the Market Structure of the Chocolate Cookies Industry does not remains a ure perfect competition, the Industry has nasty characteristics with Perfect Competition nevertheless cannot be categorised under it just because of the tax imposed. In the short run, the lump-sum tax essential only affect the Average cost of the Profit Making firms while all other costs and revenue must be constant if all other factors bear upon costs/revenue remain constant. Hence, as shown in the Graph above, The Average cost (ATCp0) of a Profit making firm will increase depending on the amount of tax imposed by the government.In the graph above, the amount of tax has been assumed to be ATCp1-Pe which shows that the firm is making a loss after the ATCp0 shifts to ATCp1. If the market price is less than the Average Variable cost of the profit making firm, that is the firm is operating below its except checkmate point (Price = Average Variable Cost) then the firm will carry to shut dismantle production in the short run until there is a decrease in its average variable cost or an increase in the market price.But if in case, the market price is greater than Average variable cost but lesser than Average total Cost then the firm must continue production in the short run since it is covering its variable costs for now. (Mankiw, 2007) (ii) Long run is a time period when all the factors /inputs involved in the production process are variable. There are no fixed factors in the long run. In the long run firms can exit and enter the market freely.The long run is primarily used to analyze production decisions for a firm and is also used to better understand economies of scale, diseconomies of scale, and long-run market supply. In the long run, there must be a lot of changes in the industry and must also affect the firms in galore(postnominal) ways. Like most of the Profit making firms which will be operating below the Shut down point (Price Average Variable Cost) must not have been able to survive and must have exit the market.That must only shrink the market supply of Chocolate cookies, if all other factors affecting supply remain constant. The shrinking of supply will shift the Market Supply Curve (S0) to the left(a) to the new Market Supply curve (S1) which must lead to an increase in the equilibrium market price of the industry to Pe1. The new market price will result in NPOs making a supernormal, normal profit or at least covering more of its loss in the short run but making a normal profit in the long run, depending on the form of exits from the market which should influence the change in market price.The graph below shows NPOs making a supernormal profit (Pe1-ATCn). It shows the Profit making firms also making a normal profit (Pe1 = ATCp1). Again, depending on the number of exits from the market and average costs of the firms, the profit of both the firms must vary. Since the NPOs now can make a Supernormal or at least a normal profit in the long run and will also get donations additionally so they must benefit their workers with all that extra network earned.Their Disabled workers must earn much more than they were earning earlier in the short run and before the lump sum tax by the government was imposed. The NPOs may also employ additional workers after earning extra profits. The workers of the Profit making corporation might be wo rse off in the short run and some workers which will be working in the firms which had to shut down due to higher Average Variable cost than the market price will be fired while others in the long run will be better off comparatively.It will be unfair for the Profit making firms in a way that they produce better quality cookies as compare to NPOs but still NPOs are better off than the Profit Making Organisations in the long run. The consumers of the industry will be worse off in the long run, since they will have to pay a higher price just due to the lump sum tax imposed by the Government to make the NPOs better off in the long run.The tax burden of the Profit making organisations will be totally passed on to the consumers in the long run since they will have to pay the whole tax burden on the producers in the form of price. Word Count 1531 words without referencing References Heyne, P. , P. J. Boettke and D. L. Prychitko (2009). Economic Way of idea (9th Edition). Mankiw, N. G. (2 009). Principles of Economics (5th Edition). Parkin, M. (2007). Economics (8th Edition).